Applied Science and Biotechnology Journal for Advanced Research

Pharmaceutical Market Access and Drug Affordability in Low-Income Nations

Agbeni Kehinde Emmanuel — 2025-01-23

The pharmaceutical industry is going through a paradigm shift, and the dynamics of the sector are increasingly being shaped by emerging markets. The study aimed at examining the impact of regulation of distribution chains and tariff/tax exemptions on pharmaceutical market access and drug affordability in low income countries. The study adopts cross sectional research design. Furthermore, the research method for this study is survey. The study population covered the total population of top management staff of pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria. The study adopted a total of 50 respondents drawn from the total population of the study using the convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used as instrument of data collection and the collected data were analysed with mean and standard deviation. The study concluded that regulations play a crucial role in streamlining distribution processes, leading to improvements in supply chain logistics and Tariff and tax exemptions play a crucial role in enhancing the availability and accessibility of essential medicines, particularly for vulnerable populations in low-income countries. The study recommended that lowering costs, these exemptions not only improve the diversity and availability of pharmaceuticals but also address significant gaps in supply. Additionally, tax and tariff incentives attract investment from international pharmaceutical companies and organizations, strengthening drug supply chains and fostering strategic partnerships.

A Case Study on Pharmaceutical Sector: Indian Context

Rajesh Kumar Pandey — 2025-01-23

The Indian pharmaceutical sector has recorded a remarkable growth with tremendous scope of service offering and employment. The sector ranks as the third-largest pharmaceutical market globally by volume and 14th by value, playing a critical role in making healthcare accessible worldwide. With over 10,000 manufacturing units and more than 3,000 pharmaceutical companies, India is a major exporter of medicines, supplying over 200 countries, including highly regulated markets like the United States and the European Union. Additionally, India’s adherence to stringent global standards, such as those set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the World Health Organization’s Good Manufacturing Practices (WHO-GMP), has cemented its reputation as a reliable supplier of safe and effective pharmaceuticals. (www.ibef.org, 2024)

The Indian pharmaceutical firms have consistently prioritized quality, resulting in the production of affordable yet reliable medicines. India’s pharmaceutical sector is also experiencing a digital transformation, integrating cutting-edge technologies to enhance efficiency and patient care. This case study explores the Indian pharmaceutical sector, focusing on its current status, associated dilemmas, and strategies to address them. It provides insights into the dynamics of the industry within the Indian context, offering a practical understanding for students, business owners, and executives in the pharmaceutical sector. The case literature also contributes Teaching Notes at the end of the case for the case Instructors referring the case.

Environmental Disaster: The Impact of Wildfire-Induced Air Pollution on Health Emergencies in California, USA

Agbeni Kehinde Emmanuel — 2025-01-23

The study examines environmental disaster of wildfire in California and its air on human health. The study adopted a descriptive data analysis. The secondary data for analysis was collected from data base of https://www.fire.ca.gov/ . The scope of data collected covered from 2016 to 2024 amounting nine years period. The visual presentation of the data was done in tables and charts. A total of 4,675,113 were total emergences, 70,252 was total wildfire, 23,209,50 was the total acres covered, 203 death recorded and 55,639 structured destroyed. The study concluded that wildfire case has significant prevalence in the past one decade. Wildfire contributes to 1.9 in average of total emergences in US becoming a year occurrence since 2016. There is significant health challenges resulting from air pollution from wildfire and this have contributed to significant health complications and mortality rate. The study recommended that there is need to implement advanced technologies for early wildfire detection and real-time monitoring. There is need to develop targeted air quality alerts and public health advisories to protect vulnerable populations during wildfire seasons and there is need to invest in reforestation, controlled burns, and land management strategies to reduce fuel loads.

Public and Mental Health Consequences of Repeated Wildfire Displacement; Public Health Emergencies in California Communities, USA

Agbeni Kehinde Emmanuel — 2025-01-23

The increasing intensity of wildfire events and duration of wildfire seasons, combined with current and anticipated wildfire-related health impacts underscores the importance of understanding the full range of potential health effects including impacts on mental health and well-being. This study adopted the quantitative research method. A survey questionnaire was used to sample the opinion of 94 victims of wildfire in California using the simple random sampling technique. The study concluded that consistent California wildfire had significant public health issues especially mental health. Reviewed studies highlighted that the risk of losing a home, the depression of damage homes and schools have impact on the mental health of the victims. Specifically, the study revealed that some effective coping strategies for individuals affected by the California wildfires include the provision of free or low-cost counseling, therapy, and crisis intervention programs in affected areas. Additionally, creating safe spaces where displaced individuals can share experiences and coping strategies fosters a sense of belonging and collective healing The study recommended that there is need to include practical advice on how people can protect themselves from smoke exposure, such as using air purifiers, and wearing appropriate masks when outdoors. While staying indoors may lessen exposure, it does not eliminate risk. Emphasize the increased risks for sensitive groups and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Highlight efforts to improve community preparedness and adaptation strategies for future wildfire seasons and discuss potential policy interventions that could mitigate wildfire risks and protect public health.

Ethnobotanical Study of Some Medicinal Plants with Special Reference to Mudakkaruthan Green (Cardiospermumhelicacabum (L.))

M Selvaraj — 2025-01-23

Plants are very useful source of various bioactive compounds which have direct or indirect use in the treatment of various human ailments. They are the god gift of mother nature in the world they are enormous amount of therapeutic, medicinal properties are rich in various parts and various aliments to cure some diseases in human, and animals in Veera chozhan river bank around two kilometer rich biodiversity conservation places. There are fifty-five medicinal plants are available. This type of herb, shrub and tree plants to cure many diseases in and around village peoples. Most of the plant parts to collect and make various ailments such as cough, sneezing, cold remedy, body pain, skin disorder, stomach problems, dysentery, diabetics, vomiting, itching, nervous disorders, leprosy, oral disorder, urinary problems, kidney stone, muscles infections, dandruff, foot crock, asthma, infertility, bronchitis, eye disorders, nasal disorders, anticancer activity, epilepsy, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis, piles, laxative, headache and would healing, etc.., In the above diseases local villages immediately to collect the plant parts are used to cure some diseases to heal some problems of human begins.

Studies on the Influence of Farmyard Manure and Vermicompost on Mineral Analysis on Red Gram (Cajanus cajan L.,)

Rajasekaran Samikannu — 2025-01-23

Cajanus cajan is mostly grown for its edible seeds, it is a species with many uses. Despite having half the energy content of charcoal, pigeon pea stems make a suitable fuel source because of their propensity for rapid growth. The present investigation was carried to find out the influence of FYM and Vermicompost on growth of red gram (Cajanus cajan (L.). The growth characters such as shoot length, root length, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area number of leaver per plant, number of hairy roots, shoot girth, number of branches per plants of red gram seedlings as influenced by the application of Vermicompost and FYM application was found. The biochemical such as chlorophyll, carbohydrates, protein , amino acids and sugars were observed. The macro and micronutrient contents such as Nitrogen, Phosphorous Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese contents of red gram seedlings as viz., 10, 30, 45^th days after sowing(DAS) influenced by the application of vermicompost and FYM is observed. The maximum growth was recorded in treatement five when compared with others respectively.

Ameliorative Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Enhancing micronutrient uptake of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea. L).

S Mathivanan — 2025-01-23

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a premier oil seed crop in India occupying 45 per cent of total oil seed production. Though India leads both in area and production of groundnut, the country ranks eight in productivity due to fertilizer management and erratic response of the crop in terms of yield. Innovative agriculture is an immediate need of today’s world that has increased tremendously in its population. Hence, we need to increase the agricultural produce substantially with the help of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. A pot experiment was undertaken under botanical garden in Annamalai university, with three bacterial strains (Rhizobium sp.), (Pseudomonas sp.) and (Bacillus sp.), applied in our experiment. The treatment involving consortium inoculation with Rhizobium + Pseudomonas + Bacillus recorded highest values of Mg, Zn and Cu can improve nutrient uptake with a shoot portion of groundnut when compared to the root portion.