Flow Analysis of a Couple Stress Fluid Through Porous Media in the Absence of a Pressure Gradient

Joshua O Oladele — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0530

This study investigates the steady flow of a chemically reacting couple-stress fluid through a porous medium without an imposed pressure gradient. Using the second law of thermodynamics, we analyze entropy generation and thermal irreversibility in the system. The higher-order differential equations that govern the flow, incorporating couple stresses and porous permeability effects, are non-dimensionalized and simplified to obtain approximate analytical solutions. Key parameters such as the stress parameter of the couple and the permeability of the porous medium are examined to determine their influence on flow behavior and the rates of entropy generation. The results provide insights relevant to the optimization of heat and mass transfer in complex fluid systems with applications in chemical and thermal engineering.

Precision Agriculture 4.0: Integrating Advanced IoT, AI, and Robotics Solutions for Enhanced Yield, Sustainability, and Resource Optimization-Evidence from Agricultural Practices in Syria

Kahtan Abedalrhman, Ammar Alzaydi — Sat, 31 May 2025 00:00:00 +0530

This study investigates the transformative role of Precision Agriculture 4.0 (PA 4.0) in modernizing agricultural systems, with a specific focus on Syria’s unique agronomic and socio-economic context. Precision Agriculture 4.0 represents the convergence of advanced technologies—namely the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and robotics—into a cohesive framework that enables real-time, data-driven farm management. The research explores how these integrated technologies facilitate enhanced spatial and temporal management of agricultural inputs, thereby addressing inefficiencies inherent in traditional farming systems. Key components analyzed include sensor networks for environmental and phenological monitoring, AI-based predictive analytics for optimized decision-making, and autonomous robotic platforms for executing precise agronomic interventions.The study assesses the limitations of legacy agricultural practices in the face of rising global food demand, climate variability, and dwindling natural resources. Within the Syrian context, the paper evaluates the deployment feasibility of PA 4.0 technologies under constraints such as limited infrastructure, political instability, and environmental degradation. Case studies are used to illustrate the empirical impact of PA 4.0 adoption, including improvements in input efficiency, crop yield, and sustainability metrics. The research further examines the structural barriers to adoption—such as digital illiteracy, policy gaps, and financing challenges—while outlining strategic enablers like capacity building, public-private partnerships, and targeted technological interventions. This work contributes to the broader discourse on agricultural modernization by offering a scalable and context-sensitive model for the integration of smart technologies into developing-world farming systems. The findings underscore the potential of PA 4.0 to enhance food security, environmental stewardship, and economic resilience in Syria and comparable regions.

Applied Science and Biotechnology Journal for Advanced Research

Flow Analysis of a Couple Stress Fluid Through Porous Media in the Absence of a Pressure Gradient

Precision Agriculture 4.0: Integrating Advanced IoT, AI, and Robotics Solutions for Enhanced Yield, Sustainability, and Resource Optimization-Evidence from Agricultural Practices in Syria